To investigate the response of corn to combined application of chemical FERTILIZERS with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting, an experiment was conducted in 2017 at Research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four nutritional treatments including T1 (Control treatment without applying fertilizer), T2 (Just PGPRs), T3 (Use chemical FERTILIZERS based on soil test) and T4 (T3 + PGPRs) were considered. According to the results, the highest total dry weight (3.9 kg/m2), crop growth rate (79.8 g.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (15.3 g.m-2.day-1) and grain yield (18.2 ton.ha-1) were observed in T4 treatment and T2 treatment produced the highest  leaf area index (5.3), leaf area duration (205.2) and specific leaf weight (78.5 g.m-2) . Also, the lowest value of all traits was observed in in T1 (control) treatment. The results showed that the presence of rhizobacteria plant growth promotioninduction in the corn nutrition program increased the growth and growth indices of the plant. Combined application of chemical FERTILIZERS with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting resulted in the highest growth and final grain yield of corn.

The purpose of this descriptive correlation study was to analyze the farmers’ tendency toward substituting chemical FERTILIZERS with organic FERTILIZERS.Statistical population was rural farmers at Kermanshah township (N=24391) that 350 samples were selected by using systematic random sampling method. The results showed that the tendency toward utilizing organic FERTILIZERS among farmers was in moderate range. Regression analysis indicated that variables including attitudes towards organic FERTILIZERS, subsidies, participation in training courses, access to organic FERTILIZERS and extension agents’ advises explained 47 percent of tendency toward utilizing organic FERTILIZERS.

To investigate the effects of water deficit stress and bio and non-bio FERTILIZERS on Thymus Vulgaris, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 in Asgarya agricultural field in Yazd. The treatments included water tension: W1=7 (Control), W2=12 and W3=17 days irrigation intervals as the main factor and bio and non - bio FERTILIZERS at five levels including B1= control (without fertilizer), B2= endo mycorrhiza (Glomus), B3= Azospirillum bacteria, B4= Pseudomonas bacteria and B5= chemical fertilizer (NPK) a sub – factors. Results showed that the highest flowering branches yield, a, b, and total chlorophylls and nitrogen and phosphorus elements were observed in 17 days of irrigation (W3). 12 days of irrigation treatment (W2) showed the highest potassium element rate. The highest a, b and chlorophylls and nitrogen were observed in Azospirillum treatment (B3). The highest total chlorophyll, phosphorus element, carotenoids and flavonoids were observed in Pseudomonas treatment (B4); the highest potassium element rate were obtained in mycorrhiza treatment (B2); the highest flowering branches yield were observed in NPK treatment (B5) and control (B1) treatment resulted in the highest anthocyanin

Organic FERTILIZERS in sustainable agricultural system are causing yield stability, especially in production of medicinal plants. Also consideration to forgotten medicinal plants such as Zuleng (Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.) that the leaves contain essential oils is most important because of the rich genetic potential. In order to evaluate the effects of different organic and chemical FERTILIZERS on Zuleng (Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.), experiment was installed in a completely randomized block design with three replications in Sari city at 2011-2012. Treatments were concluded vermicompost, compost, compost and vermicompost, chemical fertilizer, chemical fertilizer and compost, chemical fertilizer and vermicompost, compost and vermicompost and chemical fertilizer, control (no organic or chemical fertilizer). Fertilization rate was 150 kg/ha chemical fertilizer (NPK), 10 T/ha vermicompost and 15 T/ha compost. Fresh and dry yield, leaf area index, leaf number, essential oil percentage and yield and also, major secondary metabolite were investigated. Results had suggested that there were significant differences in most characters between treatments and control (p=%5 level) except essential oil percentage. Highest percentage of1-limonene was in the compost treatment and maximum levels of 5-methyl-2-pyrimidone and b-sesquiphellandrene were in the compost+vermicompost mixture. The highest fresh weight yield, leaf area index and 4- (1, 5-dimethylhex-4-enyl) cyclohex-2-enonepercentage were obtained in 10 T/ha vermicompost treatment.

To determine the effects of potassium foliar application (with two levels, use and nonuse) from potassium sulphate source and top-dressing application of potassium fertilizer (with two levels, use and non-use) from potassium chloride source on number of seeds per capitulum, number of side branch per plant, seed yield, seed oil content, oil yield, seed to coat ratio, plant height and shoot dry weight in three safflower, genotypes including KW.2, Padideh and Goldasht a factorial experiment based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, was conducted during 2013 growing season at the Agricultural Research Center of Semnan province (Shahroud). Results showed that the highest average of number of seeds per capitulum (28.70), number of side branch per plant (17.83) and seed to coat ratio (1.47) were found in KW.2 genotype. The highest seed yield (2627.7 kg/ha) and oil yield (1350.5 kg/ha) were found from potassium sulphate foliar application in Padideh and KW.2 genotypes respectively. The interaction effect of genotype × potassium foliar application was significant for seed and oil yields. In conclusion, it was determined that potassium sulphate foliar application has better impacts on seed and oil yield of safflower genotypes than potassium top-dressing application.

A comparison of three methods for the determination of potassium in FERTILIZERS was conducted using 26 fertilizer samples, which were chosen to represent the ones used in the country’ s agriculture. Based on physical and chemical properties, the samples were divided into three categories. The amounts of potassium oxide in FERTILIZERS were determined by gravimetric sodium tetra phenyl boron method, volumetric sodium tetra phenyl boron method and flame photometric method. Potassium recovery rate in the three methods were determined using analytical grade material. The results showed that the recovery rate in the three methods was satisfactory. There was no significant difference at the 5% level between the mean value of potassium oxide determined by gravimetric (22. 24%), volumetric (22. 19%) and flame photometric (22. 47 percent) methods, but the difference between flame photometric method and volumetric method was significant at 5% level. Despite small differences in potassium content measured by flame photometric method and volumetric method, the difference was significant in 15 FERTILIZERS, which can be attributed to our failure to eliminate interfering factors and to use internal standard in flame photometric method. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two extractions methods (boiling method and shaking method). Based on the results of this study, the flame photometric method has acceptable accuracy and precision and is applicable in all Soil, Water, and Fertilizer Laboratories in the country, thus, it can be introduced as an appropriate method along with gravimetric and volumetric tetra phenyl boron methods that are known and used at international level.

A comparison of three methods for the determination of potassium in FERTILIZERS was conducted using 26 fertilizer samples, which were chosen to represent the ones used in the country’ s agriculture. Based on physical and chemical properties, the samples were divided into three categories. The amounts of potassium oxide in FERTILIZERS were determined by gravimetric sodium tetra phenyl boron method, volumetric sodium tetra phenyl boron method and flame photometric method. Potassium recovery rate in the three methods were determined using analytical grade material. The results showed that the recovery rate in the three methods was satisfactory. There was no significant difference at the 5% level between the mean value of potassium oxide determined by gravimetric (22. 24%), volumetric (22. 19%) and flame photometric (22. 47 percent) methods, but the difference between flame photometric method and volumetric method was significant at 5% level. Despite small differences in potassium content measured by flame photometric method and volumetric method, the difference was significant in 15 FERTILIZERS, which can be attributed to our failure to eliminate interfering factors and to use internal standard in flame photometric method. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two extractions methods (boiling method and shaking method). Based on the results of this study, the flame photometric method has acceptable accuracy and precision and is applicable in all Soil, Water, and Fertilizer Laboratories in the country, thus, it can be introduced as an appropriate method along with gravimetric and volumetric tetra phenyl boron methods that are known and used at international level.

In order to evaluate the effects of drought stress, bio-FERTILIZERS and chemical fertilizer (N+P) treatments on some traits of linseed, include percent of proline, potassium and calcium and the pattern of CGR, a field experiment was conducted as split-plot in RCBD design with three replications at Shahrekord University in 2013.Drought stress at four levels of without stress (with potential of 0.3 atmosphere), light stress (with potential of 3.5 atmosphere), moderate stress (6.5 atmosphere) and severe stress (9.5 atmosphere) as main factors and five fertilizer treatments of control (no ferlilizer), chemical fertilizer (N+P), bio-fertilizer of Azotobarvat 1, Azotobarvar2 and combination of Azotobarvar 1+Azotobarvar 2 as minor factors were used. Results showed that the effects of drought stress, fertilizer and their interaction on the characteristics of proline, calcium and potassium concentrations were significantat 1percent level (P£0.01). The maximum proline (19.24 mg/g dry weight) and potassium (3.10%) obtained under severe drought stress and Azotobarvar 1+ Azotobarvar2 treatments and maximum calcium obtained under severe drought stress and Azotobarvar2 treatments. Analyzing of the trend of crop growth rate the maximum CGR observed at65days after seedling emergence in soil in both control treatment of without stress and chemical FERTILIZERS (N+P).Because ofthe side environmental effects of using chemical FERTILIZERS, using bio-FERTILIZERS of azotobarvar 1, Azotobarvar 2 is recommended.